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Measurements
Necessity of Measurement
Classification of measuring instruments
- Indicating Instruments
- Recording Instruments
- Integrating Instruments
- Static Characteristics
- Accuracy
- Sensitivity
- Precision
- Resolution
- Least count
- Drift
- Dead zone
- Dynamic Characteristics
Types of Errors
Gravity control
Deflecting torque
Controlling torque
Damping torque
Mechanical specification of instruments
- Size capital
- Types of Mounting etc.
Necessity of Calibration
Necessity of Traceability
Measurements of Current and Voltage
Moving Coil
Moving Iron ( Attraction Type )
Moving Iron ( Repulsion Type )
Dynamometer
Electromagnetic induction instruments
Vibration Galvanometer
Standard and Substandard meters
Calibration using potentiometer
Shunt Multipliers
Series Multipliers
Extension of range of voltmeter
Extension of range of Ammeter
Extension of range using C.T. and P.T.
Measurement of Power and Energy
Measurement of Power
Three voltmeter method of measuring power
Three ammeter method of measuring power
Measurement of power by a wattmeter
Measurement of power in three phase circuits
Measurement of reactive volt amperes
Dynamometer type wattmeter
Induction type wattmeter
Dynamometer type wattmeter balanced and unbalanced system
Induction type wattmeter balanced and unbalanced syste
Comparison between Dynomometer and Induction type wattmeter
Two and One wattmeter method
Measurement of power using instrument transformer
Measurement of reactive power
Energy Meters
Induction type wattmeter
Single phase induction type energy meter
Three phase induction type energy meter
Testing and calibration of single phase energy meter
Testing and calibration of three phase energy meter
Testing of energy meters without use of R.S.S. meter
Energy meter with instrument transformer
Electronic energy meter
Measurement of Resistance
Classification of resistance
Effect of contact resistance
- Low and Medium resistance
Effect of contact thermo-emf
- Low and Medium resistance
Ammeter-Voltmeter method of measuring resistance
Kelvin double bridge
Wheatstone bridge
Ohmmeter
Megger
Multimeter
Effect of Temperature & Humidity on the measurement of High resistance &
Insulation resistance
Measurement of Breakdown voltage of insulating material
Measurement of resistance of earth connections
Testing of an installation for insulation resistane and earth resistance
Method of locating faults
Principle of DC potentiometer
Precision of DC potentiometer
Calibration of a voltmeter by a potentiometer
Calibration of ammeter by a potentiometer
Measurement of Low resistance by potemtiometer
Application of potentiometer
Insulation resistance of live mains
Measurement of sheet iron loss by Epstein’s square
Power factor meters
Frequency meters
Synchroscope
Phase sequence indicator
Measurement of Inductance and Capacitance
By Bridge Methods
[ De’sauty’s capacitance bridge
Maxwell’s inductance bridge
Schering bridge ]
Other Measuring Instruments
[ Electrical resonance type frequency meter
Weston type frequency meter
P.F meter
Weston synchronoscope
Maximum Demand indicator
Rotating type phase sequence indicator
Tri-vector meter
Clip-on ammeter ( Construction & operation ) ]
Precautions while using different Instruments
Magnetic Measurements
Ballastic galvanometer
Measurements of flux by ballastic galvanometer
Gauss/Flux meter
Determination of hysteresis loop for ring & bar specimen
Lloyd Fisher magnetic square ( Epstein’s Square ) for measurement of Iron loss
Dielectric Loss measurement by wattmeter method
Dielectric Loss measurement by Schering Bridge method
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